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   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.1   </span> <a 
 id="x6-50002.1"></a>Truss Elements</h4>
<!--l. 177--><p class="noindent" >
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.1.1   </span> <a 
 id="x6-60002.1.1"></a>Truss 1D element</h5>
<!--l. 180--><p class="noindent" >Represents linear isoparametric truss element in 1D. The elements are assumed to be located along the x-axis.
Requires cross section area to be specified. The element features are summarized in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x6-60011">1<!--tex4ht:ref: truss1dsummary --></a>.
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 184--><p class="noindent" >
<div class="table">
<!--l. 184--><p class="noindent" ><a 
 id="x6-60011"></a><hr class="float"><div class="float" 
> <!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-2" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-2-1g"><col 
id="TBL-2-1"></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-2-2g"><col 
id="TBL-2-2"></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr></td><td><hr></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-1-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-1-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="cmbx-10">Keyword         </span></td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-1-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 184--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmbx-10">truss1d</span>                                                         </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-2-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-2-1"  
class="td11">Description          </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-2-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 184--><p class="noindent" >1D truss element                                                       </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-3-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-3-1"  
class="td11">Specific parameters</td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-3-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 184--><p class="noindent" >-                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr></td><td><hr></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-4-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-4-1"  
class="td11">Unknowns            </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-4-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 185--><p class="noindent" >Single dof (u-displacement) is required in each node         </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-5-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-5-1"  
class="td11">Approximation      </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-5-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 186--><p class="noindent" >Linear approximation of displacement and geometry        </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-6-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-6-1"  
class="td11">Integration           </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-6-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 187--><p class="noindent" >Exact                                                                     </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-7-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-7-1"  
class="td11">Features              </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-7-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 188--><p class="noindent" >Full dynamic analysis support, Full nonlocal constitutive
support, Adaptivity support                                        </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-8-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-8-1"  
class="td11">CS properties       </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-8-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 189--><p class="noindent" >Area is required                                                        </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-9-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-9-1"  
class="td11">Loads                  </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-9-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 191--><p class="noindent" >Body  loads  are  supported.  Boundary  loads  are  not
supported in current implementation                            </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-10-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-10-1"  
class="td11">Status                 </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-10-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 192--><p class="noindent" >Reliable                                                                  </td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-11-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-11-1"  
class="td11"> </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr></td><td><hr></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-12-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-12-1"  
class="td11">                </td></tr></table></div>
<br /> <div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;1: </span><span  
class="content">truss1d element summary</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x6-60011 -->
</div><hr class="endfloat" />
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 197--><p class="noindent" >
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.1.2   </span> <a 
 id="x6-70002.1.2"></a>Truss 2D element</h5>
<!--l. 202--><p class="noindent" >Two node linear isoparametric truss element for 2D analysis. The element geometry can be specified in (x,z), (x,y), or
(y,z) plane. The element features are summarized in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x6-70022">2<!--tex4ht:ref: truss2dsummary --></a>.
<!--l. 205--><p class="indent" >   <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" 
>
                                                                                           
                                                                                           
<a 
 id="x6-70011"></a>
                                                                                           
                                                                                           
<!--l. 1--><p class="noindent" ><img 
src="elementlibmanual-figure0.png" alt="PIC"  
>
<br /> <div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Figure&#x00A0;1: </span><span  
class="content">Truss2d element in (x,z) plane.</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x6-70011 -->
                                                                                           
                                                                                           
<!--l. 211--><p class="indent" >   </div><hr class="endfigure">
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 213--><p class="noindent" >
<div class="table">
<!--l. 213--><p class="noindent" ><a 
 id="x6-70022"></a><hr class="float"><div class="float" 
> <!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-3" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-3-1g"><col 
id="TBL-3-1"></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-3-2g"><col 
id="TBL-3-2"></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr></td><td><hr></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-1-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-1-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="cmbx-10">Keyword         </span></td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-1-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 213--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmbx-10">truss2d</span>                                                         </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-2-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-2-1"  
class="td11">Description          </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-2-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 213--><p class="noindent" >2D truss element                                                       </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-3-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-3-1"  
class="td11">Specific parameters</td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-3-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 213--><p class="noindent" >[<span 
class="cmtt-10">cs</span>&#x00A0;#<span 
class="cmr-5">(in)</span>]                                                                 </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr></td><td><hr></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-4-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-4-1"  
class="td11">Parameters           </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-4-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 217--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmtt-10">cs</span>: this parameter can be used to change default definition
plane. The supported values of <span 
class="cmtt-10">cs </span>are following: 0 for (x,z)
plane (default), 1 for (x,y) plane, and 3 for (y,z) plane.     </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-5-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-5-1"  
class="td11">Unknowns            </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-5-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 221--><p class="noindent" >Two dofs representing displacements in definition plane are
required in each node. The element can be used in different
planes, default definition plane is (x,z). The parameter <span 
class="cmtt-10">cs</span>
can be used to change default definition plane.                </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-6-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-6-1"  
class="td11">Approximation      </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-6-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 222--><p class="noindent" >Linear approximation of displacements and geometry.      </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-7-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-7-1"  
class="td11">Integration           </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-7-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 223--><p class="noindent" >Exact.                                                                    </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-8-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-8-1"  
class="td11">Features              </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-8-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 225--><p class="noindent" >Full dynamic analysis support. Full nonlocal constitutive
support.                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-9-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-9-1"  
class="td11">CS properties       </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-9-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 227--><p class="noindent" >cross section area should be provided.                           </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-10-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-10-1"  
class="td11">Loads                  </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-10-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 229--><p class="noindent" >Edge loads are supported, Edge number should be equal to
1                                                                           </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-11-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-11-1"  
class="td11">Status                 </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-11-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 230--><p class="noindent" >Reliable                                                                  </td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-12-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-12-1"  
class="td11"> </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr></td><td><hr></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-13-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-13-1"  
class="td11">                </td></tr></table></div>
<br /> <div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;2: </span><span  
class="content">truss2d element summary</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x6-70022 -->
</div><hr class="endfloat" />
</div>
</div>
<!--l. 231--><p class="noindent" >truss2d element summarytruss2dsummary
   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.1.3   </span> <a 
 id="x6-80002.1.3"></a>Truss 3D element</h5>
<!--l. 237--><p class="noindent" >Two node linear isoparametric truss element for 3D analysis. The element geometry is specified in (x,y,z) plane. The
element features are summarized in Table&#x00A0;<a 
href="#x6-80013">3<!--tex4ht:ref: truss3dsummary --></a>.
<div class="center" 
>
<!--l. 241--><p class="noindent" >
<div class="table">
<!--l. 241--><p class="noindent" ><a 
 id="x6-80013"></a><hr class="float"><div class="float" 
> <!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-4" class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups" 
><colgroup id="TBL-4-1g"><col 
id="TBL-4-1"></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-4-2g"><col 
id="TBL-4-2"></colgroup><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr></td><td><hr></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-1-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-1-1"  
class="td11"><span 
class="cmbx-10">Keyword         </span></td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-1-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 241--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmbx-10">truss3d</span>                                                         </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-2-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-2-1"  
class="td11">Description          </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-2-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 241--><p class="noindent" >3D truss element                                                       </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-3-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-3-1"  
class="td11">Specific parameters</td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-3-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 241--><p class="noindent" >-                                                                            </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr></td><td><hr></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-4-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-4-1"  
class="td11">Unknowns            </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-4-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 243--><p class="noindent" >Three displacement DOFs (in x, y, and z directions) are
required in each node.                                                </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-5-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-5-1"  
class="td11">Approximation      </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-5-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 244--><p class="noindent" >Linear approximation of displacements and geometry.      </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-6-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-6-1"  
class="td11">Integration           </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-6-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 245--><p class="noindent" >Exact.                                                                    </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-7-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-7-1"  
class="td11">Features              </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-7-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 247--><p class="noindent" >Full dynamic analysis support. Full nonlocal constitutive
support.                                                                  </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-8-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-8-1"  
class="td11">CS properties       </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-8-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 249--><p class="noindent" >cross section area should be provided.                           </td>
</tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-9-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-9-1"  
class="td11">Status                 </td><td  style="white-space:wrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-9-2"  
class="td11"><!--l. 250--><p class="noindent" >Reliable                                                                  </td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-10-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-10-1"  
class="td11"> </td>
</tr><tr 
class="hline"><td><hr></td><td><hr></td></tr><tr  
 style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-4-11-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-4-11-1"  
class="td11">                </td></tr></table></div>
<br /> <div class="caption" 
><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;3: </span><span  
class="content">truss3d element summary</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x6-80013 -->
</div><hr class="endfloat" />
</div>
</div>
                                                                                           
                                                                                           
                                                                                           
                                                                                           
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